red blood cells
WHAT IS SEROLOGY?
SEROLOGY is one of the many forensic science tools used to prove criminals innocent or guilty infront of the court of law.
SEROLOGY is the study of blood and other bodily fluids. The term SEROLOGY is described as the diagnostic identification of anti-bodies in blood serum. SEROLOGY locates anti-bodies because anti-bodies usually react against things that dont belong in the blood stream.
HOW DOES SEROLOGY HELP?
SEROLOGY can be used to link a suspect to a piece of evidence.
SEROLOGY is very accurate, making it hard for lawyers to find an excuse for the evidence shown by the SEROLOGY tests.
SEROLOGY is not limited to blood, some tchniques of SEROLOGY allow it to anylyze other body fluids such as saliva and semen.
SEROLOGY destroys most alibi's and stories about what happened, and proves others true.
SEROLOGY USES DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES?
SEROLOGY uses different techniques to study anti-bodies such as:ELISA, agglutination, precipitation, complement fixation and fluorescent anti-bodies.
SEROLOGY IS IMPORTANT?
SEROLOGY is very important for solving cases.if a suspect says there was a fight and the victim cut them and there blood dripped onto the floor, SEROLOGISTS can take a blood sample and try to match it to the blood on the floor. if the blood was from the victim and not the suspect then the suspect was lying.
WHO STARTED SEROLOGY? WHAT DID THEY DO?
Karl Landsteiner recognized that there were different types of blood and he catagorized them. He said that red blood cells carry a substance called an antigen, and use antigens to produce anti-bodies to fight off foreign materials in the blood stream. Landsteiner noticed different types. experimenting with blood cells, he pulled some out of the plasma or watery serum that they're carried through the body in. by adding other blood cells from other subjects he found out 2 distinctreactions of the blood cells, clumping and repelling. there was a third reaction, but its not listed. types A (antibody A present, with antibody B but antigen B is absent) type B (antigen B present, but antigen A absent) third reaction labelled C (both antigens A and B are absent) this was why many blood transfusions failed. people had already realized that animal blood could not be transfused with the patient, but not about the different types of blood (A, B, AB, and O) so many patients died because they werent lucky enough to have the same blood type transfused into them. Landsteiners discovery saved many a patient. He also discovered the rhesus factor, labelling blood cells RH+ if antigen was present and RH- if no antigen was present.
HOW HAS SEROLOGY ADVANCED?
Today serologists have individualized more then 150 serum proteins and more then 250 cellular enzymes. There are tons of antigens too. serologists have also made a list of things to do to avoid contamination and other problems:
1. wear latex gloves, surgical masks, and full coverage gowns.
2.eye coverings are necessary for collecting liquid samples.
3.keep hands out of areas where hands cannot be seen.
4.label everything needed to be labelled.
5.package dry samples to keep them safe, same with stained clothing.
6.dont forget to let people know if something is biohazardous. AKA contains aids or hepatitis.
7.make sure decontamination takes place on non disposable items.
8. destroy forms, tags, more forms, and reports splashed with blood.
9.clean your hands with diluted bleach, and dispose of contaminated clothing.
SEROLOGY EVIDENCE GATHERING PROCEDURES?
1. using a black light to illuminate possible liquid and dried samples unclear to human eyes to take back to test with.
2.if nothing is seen its still possible blood was there, using LUMINOL (a chemical that makes stuff glow) more potential testing evidence can be found to take samples of.(problem: luminol can actually destroy parts of blood evidence needed for investigation and testing)
3.Kastle Meyer uses a color test that requires a solution of phenolphthalein and hydrogen peroxide on a piece of filter paper, this paper turns pink in the presence of any blood! (problem: it also turns pink in the presence of horse radish and potatoes)
4.microcrystalline tests are sometimes taken, there are 2 that are used the most known as Takayama and Teichmann tests. both add chemicals into blood to make it solidify into crystals with hemoglobin derivatives. these arent used often because other things can cause crystals to form in bloodstains tests are performed on.
5.there is one known as the precipitin test to find out if the blood found is human or animal. German biologist Paul Uhlenhuth discovered that if he injected the protein from a chicken egg into a rabbit, the proteins seperated to form a cloudy substance called precipitin, an anti-body. in the test for finding human blood, the suspects blood is placed in a test tube over rabbit serum. another way for this is were the blood is placed in gel on a glass slide next to the anti-human serum. then an electrical current is passed through the glass. the proteins move towards each other, and if a line appears where they meet ( its called a precipiin line of course) then the sample is human blood.
Kyle Hanna made this!
SEROLOGY is one of the many forensic science tools used to prove criminals innocent or guilty infront of the court of law.
SEROLOGY is the study of blood and other bodily fluids. The term SEROLOGY is described as the diagnostic identification of anti-bodies in blood serum. SEROLOGY locates anti-bodies because anti-bodies usually react against things that dont belong in the blood stream.
HOW DOES SEROLOGY HELP?
SEROLOGY can be used to link a suspect to a piece of evidence.
SEROLOGY is very accurate, making it hard for lawyers to find an excuse for the evidence shown by the SEROLOGY tests.
SEROLOGY is not limited to blood, some tchniques of SEROLOGY allow it to anylyze other body fluids such as saliva and semen.
SEROLOGY destroys most alibi's and stories about what happened, and proves others true.
SEROLOGY USES DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES?
SEROLOGY uses different techniques to study anti-bodies such as:ELISA, agglutination, precipitation, complement fixation and fluorescent anti-bodies.
SEROLOGY IS IMPORTANT?
SEROLOGY is very important for solving cases.if a suspect says there was a fight and the victim cut them and there blood dripped onto the floor, SEROLOGISTS can take a blood sample and try to match it to the blood on the floor. if the blood was from the victim and not the suspect then the suspect was lying.
WHO STARTED SEROLOGY? WHAT DID THEY DO?
Karl Landsteiner recognized that there were different types of blood and he catagorized them. He said that red blood cells carry a substance called an antigen, and use antigens to produce anti-bodies to fight off foreign materials in the blood stream. Landsteiner noticed different types. experimenting with blood cells, he pulled some out of the plasma or watery serum that they're carried through the body in. by adding other blood cells from other subjects he found out 2 distinctreactions of the blood cells, clumping and repelling. there was a third reaction, but its not listed. types A (antibody A present, with antibody B but antigen B is absent) type B (antigen B present, but antigen A absent) third reaction labelled C (both antigens A and B are absent) this was why many blood transfusions failed. people had already realized that animal blood could not be transfused with the patient, but not about the different types of blood (A, B, AB, and O) so many patients died because they werent lucky enough to have the same blood type transfused into them. Landsteiners discovery saved many a patient. He also discovered the rhesus factor, labelling blood cells RH+ if antigen was present and RH- if no antigen was present.
HOW HAS SEROLOGY ADVANCED?
Today serologists have individualized more then 150 serum proteins and more then 250 cellular enzymes. There are tons of antigens too. serologists have also made a list of things to do to avoid contamination and other problems:
1. wear latex gloves, surgical masks, and full coverage gowns.
2.eye coverings are necessary for collecting liquid samples.
3.keep hands out of areas where hands cannot be seen.
4.label everything needed to be labelled.
5.package dry samples to keep them safe, same with stained clothing.
6.dont forget to let people know if something is biohazardous. AKA contains aids or hepatitis.
7.make sure decontamination takes place on non disposable items.
8. destroy forms, tags, more forms, and reports splashed with blood.
9.clean your hands with diluted bleach, and dispose of contaminated clothing.
SEROLOGY EVIDENCE GATHERING PROCEDURES?
1. using a black light to illuminate possible liquid and dried samples unclear to human eyes to take back to test with.
2.if nothing is seen its still possible blood was there, using LUMINOL (a chemical that makes stuff glow) more potential testing evidence can be found to take samples of.(problem: luminol can actually destroy parts of blood evidence needed for investigation and testing)
3.Kastle Meyer uses a color test that requires a solution of phenolphthalein and hydrogen peroxide on a piece of filter paper, this paper turns pink in the presence of any blood! (problem: it also turns pink in the presence of horse radish and potatoes)
4.microcrystalline tests are sometimes taken, there are 2 that are used the most known as Takayama and Teichmann tests. both add chemicals into blood to make it solidify into crystals with hemoglobin derivatives. these arent used often because other things can cause crystals to form in bloodstains tests are performed on.
5.there is one known as the precipitin test to find out if the blood found is human or animal. German biologist Paul Uhlenhuth discovered that if he injected the protein from a chicken egg into a rabbit, the proteins seperated to form a cloudy substance called precipitin, an anti-body. in the test for finding human blood, the suspects blood is placed in a test tube over rabbit serum. another way for this is were the blood is placed in gel on a glass slide next to the anti-human serum. then an electrical current is passed through the glass. the proteins move towards each other, and if a line appears where they meet ( its called a precipiin line of course) then the sample is human blood.
Kyle Hanna made this!